Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Secondary Bile Acids Modified by Odoribacter Splanchnicus Alleviate Colitis by Suppressing Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

doi: 10.1002/advs.202509073

Figure Lengend Snippet: O. splanchnicus promotes LCA transformation via gut microbiota. A) Experimental design for in vitro culture of O. splanchnicus . O. splanchnicus (OD = 0.1) was supplemented with CA, CDCA, LCA, and UDCA. The conditioned medium was analyzed for the concentration of bile acid. B) Concentrations of LCA, C) alloLCA, and D) 12‐ketoLCA. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. **** , P < 0.0001, as determined by the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis’ test. E) Experimental design for germ‐free mice treated with O. splanchnicus . Each mouse was gavaged daily with O. splanchnicus at a concentration of 10 8 CFU/200 µL for 2 weeks. In the final week of the experiment, 2% DSS was added to the drinking water. O. splanchnicus was suspended in sterile PBS, and an equivalent volume of sterile PBS was used as a vehicle control. F) Concentrations of LCA and its derivatives in the feces of germ‐free mice. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. ** , P < 0.01; *** , P < 0.001; **** , P < 0.0001, as determined by unpaired Student's t test. G) Relative abundance of BSH‐containing genera in DSS‐induced colitis mice following O. splanchnicus intervention. H) Relative abundance of HSDH‐containing genera in DSS‐induced colitis mice following O. splanchnicus intervention. I) Experimental design for 3% DSS‐induced colitis mice receiving FMT. Mice were pretreated with Abx for 4 weeks to deplete most bacteria in the gut. Donor mice received O. splanchnicus ‐containing stool via oral gavage, while also being treated with 3% DSS in drinking water. Weight loss, DAI, and colon length were monitored. Distal colon tissue was collected for HE staining, and the remaining colon was reserved for further validation. J) Weight loss, K) DAI scores, L) representative images of the colon, and statistical analysis of colon length. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. * , P < 0.05; ** , P < 0.01; *** , P < 0.001, as determined by unpaired Student's t test. M) Representative images of HE staining at 20× and 40× magnification, with comparison of statistical histological scores across groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. **** , P < 0.0001, as determined by unpaired Student's t test. N) Representative images of IF staining for Zo‐1 (green), Occludin (green), Claudin1 (green), and Muc2 (green) in colitis mice. O) Experimental design for 3% DSS‐induced colitis mice receiving Abx pretreatment. Ampicillin (1 g L −1 ), neomycin (1 g L −1 ), metronidazole (1 g/L), and vancomycin (0.5 g/L) were added to the drinking water of mice ad libitum for 4 weeks to eliminate most gut bacteria. Subsequently, O. splanchnicus was administered via oral gavage, and 3% DSS was added to the drinking water for 7 days. P) Weight loss, (Q) DAI scores, (R) representative images of the colon, and statistical analysis of colon length. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. “ns” indicates no significant difference, as determined by unpaired Student's t test. S) Representative images of HE staining at 20× and 40× magnification, with comparison of statistical histological scores across groups. T) Representative images of IF staining for Zo‐1 (green), Occludin (green), Claudin1 (green), and Muc2 (green) in colitis mice with Abx pretreatment.

Article Snippet: The logarithmic growth stage of O. splanchnicus (OD = 0.1) was inoculated into a medium containing bile acid substrates: CDCA (HY‐76847, MCE), CA (HY‐N0324, MCE), LCA (L6250, Sigma), and UDCA (HY‐13771, MCE).

Techniques: Transformation Assay, In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Sterility, Control, Bacteria, Staining, Biomarker Discovery, Comparison

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Pilot trials for TCA, INT-747, GU, SBI-115 and INT-777 treatments. A–B: the level of hepatic TG and T-CHO in fish intraperitoneally injected (once, twice, or three times) with TCA at doses of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 (n = 3). C–F: the level of hepatic TG and T-CHO in fish intraperitoneally injected with obeticholic acid, guggulsterone, SBI-115 and INT-777 (n = 3). TCA: taurocholic acid, TG: triglycerides, T-CHO: total cholesterol.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of representative oil red O stained histological liver sections in 200 × magnification. e: lipid droplets. The lipid droplets are stained red and the nuclei are stained blue. I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. I-TSBI group: fish injected with TCA and SBI-115; I-T777 group: fish injected with TCA and INT-777.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Staining, Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. The levels of biochemical parameters and activities of enzymes induced by an agonist or antagonist of FXR. A: the relative expression of the fxr gene normalized to 18 s and β-actin (n = 6). B: the lipid content (% of wet matter) in the liver (n = 3). C: the results of the integrated optical density analysis of oil-red O stained sections (n = 3). D–G: the activities of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and the contents of HDL (lipoprotein cholesterol) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in serum (n = 3). H–N: the contents of TG, T-CHO, and the activities of ATGL (triglyceride lipase), CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1), ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), and FAS (fatty acid synthase) and LPS (lipase) in the liver (n = 3). I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. Values are presented as means with SD, where significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups are indicated by different letters.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. The expression of proteins and genes induced by an agonist or antagonist of FXR. A: the Western Blot analysis of SREBP1 (sterol responsive element binding protein 1), PPARA (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), P-PPARA, and GAPDH in the liver (n = 3). B–D: the relative quantification of protein levels of SREBP1, PPARA, and P-PPARA normalized to the GAPDH levels (n = 3). E–F: the relative expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism normalized to 18 s and β-actin (n = 6). I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. Values are presented as means with SD, where significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups are indicated by different letters.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Quantitative Proteomics, Injection